Linguistics

In linguistics, an epithet can only be a metaphor, essentially a reduced or condensed use of apposition. Epithets are sometimes attached to a person’s name or appear in place of their name, as what might be described as a glorified nickname or sobriquet. An epithet is linked to its noun by long-established usage and some are not otherwise employed. Not every adjective is an epithet. An epithet is especially recognizable when its function is largely decorative, such as if “cloud-gathering Zeus” is employed other than in reference to conjuring up a storm. “The epithets are decorative insofar as they are neither essential to the immediate context nor modelled especially for it. Among other things, they are extremely helpful to fill out a half-verse”, Walter Burkert has noted.^[2]

Some epithets are known by the Latin term epitheton necessarium because they are required to distinguish the bearers, e.g. as an alternative to ordinals after a prince’s name — such as Richard the Lionheart (Richard I of England), or Charles the Fat alongside Charles the Bald. The same epithet can be used repeatedly, in different spheres of life and/or joined to different names, eg. Alexander the Great as well as Catherine the Great.

Other epithets can easily be omitted without serious risk of confusion, and are therefore known (again in Latin) as epitheton ornans; thus the classical Roman author Virgil systematically called his main hero pius Aeneas, the epithet being pius, which means religiously observant, humble and wholesome, as well as calling the armsbearer of Aeneas fidus Achates, the epithet being fidus, which means faithful or loyal.

There are also specific types of epithets, such as the kenning which appears in works such as Beowulf. An example of a kenning would be the term whale-road, meaning “sea”.

Literature

Epithets are characteristic of the style of ancient epic poetry, notably in that of Homer or the northern European sagas. See above, as well as epithets in Homer. When James Joyce uses the phrase “the snot-green sea” he is playing on Homer’s familiar epithet “the wine-dark sea”. The phrase “Discreet Telemachus” is also considered an epithet.

The Greek term Antonomasia, in rhetoric, means substituting any epithet or phrase for a proper name, as Pelides, signifying the “son of Peleus”, to identify Achilles; an opposite substitution of a proper name for some generic term is also sometimes called antonomasia, as a Cicero for an orator.

In William Shakespeare’s famous play Romeo and Juliet, epithets are used in the prologue, used in the familiar phrase of “star-cross’d lovers” and “death-mark’d love.”

Religion

In many polytheistic religions, such as in ancient Greek and Roman religions, a deity’s epithets, easily multiplied in the practice of cultus generally reflected a particular aspect of that god’s essence and role, for which their influence may be obtained for a specific occasion: Apollo Musagetes is “Apollo, [as] leader of the Muses” and therefore patron of the arts and sciences^[3] while Phoibos Apollo is the same deity, but as shining sun-god. “Athena protects the city as polias, oversees handicrafts as ergane, joins battle as promachos and grants victory as nike.”^[4]

Alternatively the epithet may identify a particular and localized aspect of the god, sometimes already ancient during the classical epochs of Greece or Rome, such as a reference to the mythological place of birth or numinous presence at a specific sanctuary: sacrifice might be offered on one and the same occasion to Pythian Apollo (Apollo Pythios) and Delphic Apollo (Apollo Delios). A localizing epithet refers simply to a particular center of veneration and the cultic tradition there, as the god manifested at a particular festival, for example: Zeus Olympios, Zeus as present at Olympia, or Apollo Karneios, Apollo at the Spartan Carneian festival.

Often the epithet is the result of fusion of the Olympian divinity with an older one: Poseidon Erechtheus, Artemis Orthia, reflect intercultural equations of a divinity with an older one, that is generally considered its pendant; thus most Roman gods and goddesses, especially the Twelve Olympians, had traditional counterparts in Greek, Etruscan, and most other Mediterranean pantheons, e.g. Jupiter as head of the Olympian Gods with Zeus, but in specific cult places there may even be a different equation, based on one specific aspect of the divinity. Thus the Greek word Trismegistos “thrice grand” was first used as a Greek name for the Egyptian god of science and invention, Thot, and later as an epitheton for the Greek Hermes and, finally, the fully equated Roman Mercurius (Mercury; both were also messenger of the gods). Among the Greeks, T. H. Price notes^[5] the nurturing power of Kourotrophos might be invoked in sacrifices and recorded in inscription, without specifically identifying Hera or Demeter.

Some epithets were applied to several deities of a same pantheon, rather accidentally if they had a common characteristic, or deliberately emphasizing their blood- or other ties; thus in pagan Rome, several divinities ( -gods, heroes) were given the epitheton Comes as companion of another (usually major) divinity. An epithet can even be meant for collective use, e.g. in Latin pilleati ‘the felt hat-wearers’ for the brothers Castor and Pollux. Some epithets resist explanation.^[6]

Similar practices still exist in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity in the veneration of Christ and, mainly, of the saints. “Our Lady of Lourdes” is essentially periphrasis, unless some aspect of the Virgin were being invoked.

Politics and military

In historical, journalistic, and other writings, one often encounters epithets, but it is worthwhile distinguishing different types. While the same rationale as in the genealogical section above may apply, in some cases posthumously politicians, unlike ordinary citizens, often have some control over public opinion and generally more of an interest in their image, so whether forged for themselves or contrived by opponents, their epithets often carry a political message.

Indeed while these differ from official titles as they don’t express any legal status, epithets have been awarded and adopted (though the official procedure may provide for the formal decision to be issued by another institution, such as a legislative assembly) by statesmen in power for fairly formal use, not dissimilar in purpose to various sinecures, knighthoods or peerage-type titles in post-feudal societies: they confer prestige without any legal authority, so essentially a matter of image or even propaganda, aimed at a domestic and/or foreign target audience. Examples of such epithets are the various traditions of victory titles (see there) awarded to meritorious generals and rulers since antiquity, and the epithets awarded to entire units, e.g. such adjectives as ‘Fidelis’ (‘loyal’) to various Roman legions.

Titles attached to modern units (such as the 101st being called the ‘screaming eagles’) may be a continuation of this tradition.

Alternative contemporary usage

In contemporary usage, epithet is sometimes used to refer to an abusive or defamatory phrase, such as a racial epithet. This euphemistic use is discredited by Martin Manser and other prescriptive linguists.

source:http://www.l889.com/html/201108/17/What-Is-an-Epithet-_34586.html

• What is Body Language?
• What is Dehumanization?
• What is a Kenning?
• What is the Difference Between a Possessive Pronoun and a Possessive Adjective?

Breastfeeding provides you and your baby with many benefits. From a healthier baby with a higher IQ to a mom who tends to lose her pregnancy weight faster and has more time free, breastfeeding is best for everyone involved. It also

Some people may think that breastfeeding is an innate ability of mother and child. This is partially true in that the first instinct a baby has is to suck. However, most of breastfeeding is an acquired skill that takes a little practice. It’s important to not become discouraged, especially in those first few weeks. Learning the proper technique will ensure you get the least amount of discomfort and the most amount of joy out of breastfeeding. The two key parts to proper breastfeeding are positioning and latch-on techniques.
Having the correct position for both you and your baby will ensure the most comfort. First, position yourself as comfortably as possible. Remember, if you’re relaxed your milk flow will be much better. Sit up in bed on in a comfy chair, and get several pillows for support. Put one on your back, one in your lap, and one under the arm that will support your baby. Nursing pillows like the Boppy are very helpful. If you’re sitting in a chair, use a footstool to prop up your feet. For baby, start with him being lightly dressed or undressed. This will keep him from completely falling asleep so he can finish feeding. Position your baby’s neck on the fold in your arm let your forearm support his back and your hand his butt. Bring baby onto his side where he faces you tummy to tummy. Next, raise baby to breast level with a pillow and tuck away any little hands or arms. Now, wrap baby around you, and you’re ready for latching on.

The next essential part to successful breastfeeding is the proper latch-on techniques. Before you begin, express a little milk or colostrum and present your breast to baby. As soon as your baby opens his mouth wide bring him onto your breast. Make sure he takes in a lot of your areola, not just the nipple. This will greatly reduce any nipple pain. If baby’s lips aren’t everted (turned out), use your index finger to gently open the lips. Finally, support the weight of your breast so as to not tire out your little one.

Your spouse can take an active role while breastfeeding. I know as a father, I wanted to help my wife share the burden and joys as much as I could. I knew my wife was making the best decision for our baby. A spouse can be a strong support during this time. The spouse can help by rubbing Mom’s feet and shoulders to aid in relaxation. They can bring the baby to Mom during the night, so she doesn’t have to get out of bed. They can even help during the first few days buy helping baby latch on. Breastfeeding can be challenging, but is incredibly rewarding.

Many mothers to be would like to breastfeed but do not know where to begin. Since many will never have seen a breastfeeding mother it seems foolish to expect it to come naturally.

Breastfeeding takes time and patience. It is often difficult in the early days and can be uncomfortable if your baby is not positioned correctly.

The first step to success is to do plenty of research – read plenty of books about breastfeeding, do online research and to talk to as many breastfeeding mothers as possible. Contact your local breastfeeding support group and ask for advice, or call in and chat to mothers currently breastfeeding. Read breastfeeding stories written by mothers. Ask around family members who have either breastfed or tried to breastfeed, but bear in mind every woman will have different experiences to share – some more helpful than others!

It really is beneficial to get as much information as possible from as many sources as possible. As with many things in life preparation is the key. The more you prepare the easier it will be.

Below are a few points to consider to stand the best chance of breastfeeding success:

•Breastfeed As Soon As Possible

Try to feed as soon as possible after the birth, preferably within the first 30 minutes. If the baby is too sleepy, at least have some skin-to-skin contact with him whereby you hold the baby next to your bare skin.

Ask for help and advice while you are still in hospital as all women should be able to breastfeed given the correct assistance at the beginning. Do not be afraid to complain if you feel your needs are not being met.

If you have problems when you return home ask the community midwife or health-visitor for guidance. Or you may want to phone a breastfeeding counsellor, particularly if you require advice at night.

•Feed On Demand

Most hospitals have a rooming in policy for breastfeeding mothers. This means the infant stays with mum 24 hours a day so that you can feed on demand. People may advise you to feed every 4 hours but breastfed babies need to be fed more regularly. Babies have tiny tummies and breastmilk is digested very easily. Feed the baby as often as he wants or if your breasts feel very full.

•Make Yourself Comfortable

Perhaps the most important thing to do in order to feed successfully is to get comfortable. You may like to purchase a custom-made breastfeeding chair or a breastfeeding support cushion although, strictly speaking, these aren’t necessary. As long as your back and shoulders are supported and do not ache you will be fine. Whilst getting used to breastfeeding try to keep your feet on the floor or on a few books to make a nice lap for baby.

•Position Baby Correctly

Ask a midwife to guide you the first few times you breastfeed to ensure the baby is positioned correctly. Incorrect positioning is one of the most common reasons for problems such as cracked nipples and blocked milk ducts occurring.

There are a number of breastfeeding positions you can try, although most women opt to place the baby in the crook of their elbow or under their arm like a rugby ball. Some women also find it easier to lie beside their baby in bed and feed side on. Be careful not to fall asleep due to the associated risk of cot death.

Once baby is positioned correctly, turn his tummy towards yours and his face toward your breast. Place baby’s nose and upper lip opposite your nipple. You may find it helps to use your free hand to cup your breast at this point.

•Help Baby To Latch On

To encourage the baby to ‘latch on’ gently touch his upper lip with your nipple. This will stimulate the baby to open his mouth wide and he will instinctively latch on and will start to suckle. The baby’s bottom lip should be curled outwards and he should have the whole nipple and most of the areola (the area around the nipple) in his mouth.

When the baby is correctly positioned and you are comfortable feeding can begin:

· As colostrum, the very first pre-milk feed, begins to flow you may feel a mildly painful stinging sensation that will subside within a few seconds.

· At the onset of a feed the baby will suck quickly and with vigour. This stimulates the release of prolactin, the milk-producing hormone and oxytocin, the hormone responsible for the let-down reflex. As the let-down reflex kicks in the rapid sucking will become slow deep gulping as the milk starts flowing.

· To help prevent windy pains stop the feeding occasionally by slipping a clean finger into the corner of baby’s mouth. This will break the suction. Gently tap or rub the baby’s back. You may find your baby suffers some reflux, or sicks up, in the early days – remember he doesn’t know when he is full up. Over time he will learn to recognise the signs. Always seek medical advice from a qualified medical professional if you are at all concerned about how much or how often baby brings up feeds or if projectile vomiting is a problem. Medication is available which can help baby. Have plenty of baby-gros and bibs available!

· If you find the feeding extremely uncomfortable or painful try repositioning the baby ensuring that he is not sucking the nipple but has a good proportion of the areola in his mouth. You may need to try repositioning a few times until you both get the hang of it – he and you are both learning. Practice makes perfect!

· The baby will let you know when he has had enough milk by falling asleep, pushing the nipple out of his mouth or even appearing drunk and very relaxed. You should offer both breasts at each feed unless the baby is obviously full. Allow baby to decide when to finish. If you stop him too soon he may not get enough of the high calorie hind-milk so he will get hungry again sooner.

source:http://www.freeyule.com/health/pregnancy/201102/How-to-Breastfeed_4207.html

jQuery(‘.intro .thumbnail’).each(function(i,e){ jQuery(e).find(‘img’).one(‘error’,function(){ jQuery(e).remove(); }); }); A desire to provide your daughter with an understanding of her maturation. WHAT-Menstuation occurs between the ages of 10-13 yrs of age. A menstrual cycle lasts from the first day of one period to the first day of the next. Bleeding lasts 5-7 days, heavier flow at first, then lightening in flow towards the end. Menarche is a girl’s first menstrual period and indicates that she is capable of reproducing. WHY-Ovaries on the left and right of the uterus produce hormones. These hormones work in conjunction with the pituitary gland to produce an egg and ready the endometrial (the lining of the uterus) for reception. If the egg it is not fertilized, it breaks down, as does the lining of the endometrial , and bleeding begins. DOES IT HURT?-There may be a headache, you may feel “moody”, your breasts may be tender, prior to and the day you start your period. Cramping and backache may occur. But, Ibuprofen usually is effective to handle the discomfort WILL EVERYBODY KNOW?-No, you can wear a pad which sticks to you underpants or a tampon, which you can insert into your vagina. It is important to remove tampons and replace often, as if they are left in too long, an infection can occur. Disposal of used tampons and pads should be as hygienic as possible and wrapped in toilet paper or a plastic sleeve, prior to placing in any receptacle. Props of a pad and a tampon should be available for your daughter to see)

Menarche, or the first menstrual period of a young girl, is one of the landmarks of the entire life of a woman. Though it can be waited upon with excitement, it’s normal that a girl may experience some anxiety or even panic at the thought of getting her first period, specially if she doesn’t really understand why it happens and what she should do when it happens. That’s why it’s essential that you as her parent should make sure that your daughter knows what to expect for her menarche, so she will be better prepared for this event.

• Have a female relative close to your daughter talk to her about menarche, if you’re the father. Of course, this will depend on the dynamics of your relationship with your daughter; however, most young girls become squeamish and distressed at the thought of talking about menstruation with their fathers.
• Know when to prepare your daughter for menarche. Do know that on average, menstruation starts between ages 10 to 12, although some girls do get it as early as 8 or as late as their teenage years. You might want to begin introducing the subject to her when she turns 8 years old, and then gradually explain to her more details as she grows older.
• Be very tactful about the subject, but don’t hesitate to correctly name the genitals, either. It’s best to use the correct names of genitals so that your daughter will learn that these are normal words to use, and so she won’t wrongly assume that they are taboo subjects. On the other hand, remember that little girls tend to get embarrassed very easily, so you don’t have to go into too much detail in your explanation.
• Explain to her why menstruation happens. There many resources you could check out so you could review for yourself what happens inside the body that facilitates that process of menstruation and what its implications are. Do remember to use simple terminology so that it will be easier for your daughter to understand the explanation.
• Know what myths to dispel. Your daughter may have been fed with some little menstruation myths by her “all-knowing” friends. Give her time to ask you questions, no matter how small, so you can have the opportunity to clarify them. If you yourself are not sure about the answer to your daughter’s question, you could research about it together by looking at reputable medical websites or by contacting your family doctor.
• Show your daughter how to use a sanitary napkin. Practice with your daughter how to secure the napkin to her underwear, using these actual items. You could go to the grocery with her to show her different types of napkins (such as those with wings, extra-long, overnights, etc) and tampons as well.
• Remind your daughter about hygiene during menstruation. Tell your daughter that she needs to change pads after about 3 to 6 hours (depending on how heavy her menstrual flow is). If she prefers to use tampons, do tell her that it’s best to wear tampons only during the day, but pads at night.

There you have it! These are the best ways to help prepare your daughter for menarche. Remember, the way you act and talk to her about menstruation will greatly affect her own attitudes about it. Good luck!

source:http://www.freeyule.com/health/womenhealth/201102/How-To-Prepare-your-Daughter-for-Menarche-Menses-_2176.html

You would be amazed to know that there are over 30 types or styles of bras available in the market like the Nursing bras, Open tip bras, Racer back bras, Seamless bras, Shelf bras, Bridal bras, Front closure bras, Mastectomy bras, Maternity bras, Minimizing bras, Vintage Bras, Trainer Bra Bandeau Bras, Adhesive Bras, Soft cup bras, Sports bras, Strapless bras, T-shirt bras, Training bras, U-plunge bras, Underwire bras and Water bras to name a few.Women can pick the bra based on their needs. I am listing 12 of the most popular types of bras below.

When bras were first developed in the 1920s, they were simply undergarments that provided strong support for women’s breasts, preventing problems like sagging breasts and backaches. Today, designers and manufacturers worldwide have added to the value of a bra by offering women close to 20 different styles to fit their needs:

1. Training bra. This type of bra is designed for preteen or teenage girls who are in the early stages of breast development. It is smaller than standard bra sizes, and its cups come without underwire support. Aside from providing some measure of breast support, it helps young girls to become accustomed to wearing a bra.

2. Full cup bra. This bra provides full support, as it comes with underwired cups and covers most of the breasts. It is recommended for all women, and especially for those with heavier breasts.

3. Demi cup bra. A demi cup bra covers only half the breasts, with its cups coming up above the nipples. This bra is suitable to wear with clothes that have plunging necklines. It is supportive, yet provides maximum exposure of the breasts.

4. Padded bra. This bra comes with padding inside the cup linings, adding volume to smaller breasts. Padded bras are popular with teenage girls, who may otherwise stuff their training bras with tissues to make their breasts look fuller.

5. Underwired bra. Bras can come with or without underwire in their cups. An underwired bra provides strong support to the breasts and also maintains the shape of the bra. Some women claim that underwired bras lift their breasts, while others find these bras uncomfortable or painful.

6. Strapless bra. Strapless bras come with no straps or straps that can be removed. This style is very useful for clothes that bare shoulders, such as tube dresses and halter tops.

7. Convertible bra. This bra comes with detachable straps that can be arranged according to one’s needs. It is usually worn with clothes that reveal the back and shoulders, such as backless dresses with halter top necklines.

8. T-shirt bra. T-shirt bras are made without a raised seam in order to appear invisible when worn under a body-fitting t-shirt.

9. Minimizer bra. This bra is commonly sought after by large-breasted women who wish to reduce the appearance of their breasts by a cup size or two.

10. Maximizer/Push up bra. These bras lift the breasts and emphasize cleavage through their unique structure and extra padding. The padding may come in various forms, such as water sacks or silicone inserts. The goal is to give a fuller, more natural look to breasts of all sizes.

11. Sports bra. Sports bras are made for active women who engage in rigorous physical exercise. They are designed to be comfortable and supportive by holding the breasts in place during motion, therefore reducing damage to soft tissues of the chest. These bras are usually made of stretchable material to provide a snug fit.

12. Built-in bra. A built-in bra is one that comes with the clothing, eliminating the need for a separate bra. This style can be found attached to the insides of swimsuits and tube tops. Some built-in bras are just horizontal, elastic fabric, but others have padding and underwired cups as well.

13. Shelf bra. This bra covers only the lower part of the breasts, leaving the nipples and upper part of the breasts exposed. It is not supportive and is worn in sexual situations.

14. Peephole bra. A peephole bra features holes around the nipples. Its loose coverage of the entire breasts is insufficient to provide significant support. This type of bra is also worn in sexual situations.

15. Maternity bra. Women’s breasts become more sensitive, heavier and larger throughout pregnancy. Maternity bras are adjustable and can expand to take these changes into account.

16. Nursing bra. These bras are worn to ease the breastfeeding process. They are made with flaps that can be unclasped or pushed to the side, keeping the breasts supported during breastfeeding.

17. Mastectomy bra. A mastectomy bra is intended for women who have undergone the removal of one or both breasts due to cancer treatments. Here, the cups are made with pockets to keep breast prostheses in place and simulate the existence of breasts.

Choosing a suitable bra is indeed a challenge these days. One bra does not fit all, and hence, it is best to invest in a good set of bras that cover one’s usual range of activities. For instance, a regular jogger should purchase a good sports bra, while a more social woman should spend on convertible bras that fit her many formal evening outfits.

Adhesive Bra

Adhesive Bra is a Stick and Peel type of Bra with no shoulder straps or back extensions. There are normally two types of bras available in the category. One is a use and throw or disposable version made of paper which uses a strong adhesive and the second one is the reusable Silicone Adhesive Bras which are washable. These bras are suitable when you wear backless or shoulder less outfits. They also go well with outfits having plunging necklines.

Playtex Women’s Nursing Underwire Bra

Nursing bra

A Nursing Bra is meant for breast feeding mothers. These bras can be unclasped at the top and pulled down in order to feed milk to the baby. A friend of mine says that her Peephole Bra serves the purpose too and she can feed the baby through the holes in front of the bra cups. But I think rather than wearing the bra which does not provide the sufficient support it is better to wear a nursing bra if you have a small child.

Fashion

U-plunge Bra

If you are a person who likes wearing plunging necklines the U-plunge Bra is for you. With this Bra you need to fear no more that your bra would become visible above the outfit. They come with under wired cups offering adequate support. This bra is a favorite of mine. I also love the U-plunge Body Briefer version which can make a woman look slimmer.

Mastectomy Bra

Mastectomy Bra

A Mastectomy Bra is a bra specially designed forindividuals who have lost one or both breasts in mastectomy treatment for breast cancer but chose not to get their breasts reconstructed. A mastectomy bra can make the bust area look natural and designed in such a manner that prosthesis may be held in place. With this bra, nobody would know that you have undergone a mastectomy treatment.

Q-T Bridal Corset Bra

Bridal Corset Bra

Bridal Corset Bra is another one of my favorites. These bras go well with shoulder less outfits as the straps are clear and removable. The Bridal Bra can make a woman look more in shape. This is a must for Brides who would want to look perfect on the wedding day.

Bali Women’s Satin Tracings Minimizer Underwire Bra

Minimizer Bra

If you are well endowed and have a heavy bust line then by wearing the Minimizor Bra you can create the illusion of being a cup size or two smaller. The Minimizer Bra works by compressing and shaping the bust line.

Wonderbra Women’s Full Of Wonder Maximizer Wirefree Bra

Maximizer or Push up bra

If Minimizer Bras were for those who are well endowed, the Maximizer or Push up bra is for the less endowed to give them a fuller look and increased cleavage. These bras lift the breasts and emphasize cleavage through their unique structure and extra padding.Padded Bras also can have the same effect as Push up Bras.

Sassybax Underwire Strapless Bandeau Bra

Bandeau Bra

The bandeau bra often known as tube top is a band of material that is wrapped around a woman’s breasts. A bandeau bra is basically a strapless bra or bra with removable straps which has to be put on over the head. These bras can be worn as casual or sportswear and comes in various colors. These bras come in the basic version with no support and another version with shaped or under wired cups giving light support.

Enell sports bra

Sports Bras

Sports bras are most suitable for active women who engage in rigorous physical exercises. These bras provide comfort and support to the bust area during vigorous exercise. These are great bras to be worn while going on jogging as it restricts bouncing of the bust area. It is also possible for those who have undergone breast surgical procedures.

Playtex Thank Goodness It Fits Front-Close Microfiber Soft Cup Bra

Front Closure Bras

If you are anything like me you would prefer the Front Closure Bras to the normal back closure ones with hooks. These are comfortable to and great as an everyday wear bra.

Roxy Away Game Sports Bra – Color: Olive,Size: Large

Training or Trainer Bra

Training bra is the bra designed for preteen or teenage girls who are in the early stages of developing a bust. This bra is also known as a Trainer Bra as it helps young girls to become accustomed to wearing a bra. This is a very comfortable bra and mostly the first bra worn by a girl.

Champion Sport Zip Bra Womens

Zip front Bras

Zip front Bras are bras with a front opening instead of the back and comes with a zip closure instead of a clasp or hook in front. These are great as a sports bra.

A bra’s main purposes are to provide support to breasts and enhance their appearance. But because women have varying needs and preferences, a variety of bras have been designed. Here are the different types of bras available for women.

Contoured bras. Contoured bras have cups that give a flattering shape to breasts. Contoured bras are good for wearing within tight tops. A seamless t-shirt bra is most likely a contoured bra.

Cloth bras. Cloth bras, unlike contoured bras, have unshaped cups. When worn, breasts assume their normal shape. Cloth bras are usually thin and padding-free, and nipples may protrude as a result.

Underwire bras. Underwire bras have wires underneath the cups to provide support to each individual breast. Underwire bras lift the breast to give them a fuller appearance.

Soft-cup bras. Soft-cup bras are wireless. They provide less support than underwire bras and can’t lift breasts as much as underwire bras do. However, these bras are more comfortable for women.

Convertible bras. Convertible bras have bra straps that may be rearranged according to the woman’s tastes. Convertible bras can be used as conventional bras, strapless bras, halter top bras, one-strapped bras, and so forth.

Maximizer bras. Maximizer bras have underwire and padding that push up breasts and visually add size. Women who want their breasts to appear fuller often choose this type of bras. These bras are usually worn with plunging necklines to create a seductive look.

Minimizer bras. Minimizer bras reduce the size of breasts. They restrain the breasts and provide maximum support. Those who are uncomfortable with the largeness of their breasts often wear minimizer bras.

Novelty bras. Novelty bras are creative bras that are created to entertain the wearer or the viewer rather than provide support and protection. These are artistic bras with unusual designs and materials, or provocative bras used in intimate relations.

Maternity bras. Maternity bras are worn by mothers who experience breast enlargement and tenderness during their pregnancy. Maternity bras accommodate the growing breast while providing much needed support. Nursing bras are also part of this category. Nursing bras have openings in the cups to provide nipple access to nursing babies.

Sports bras. Sports bras support breasts during vigorous activities. Wearing sports bras is a must for athletes to protect their breasts from too much movement. They are usually made of absorbent material to soak up sweat.

Training bras. Training bras are for young girls who have breasts but can’t fit into the usual bra sizes. They are made of comfortable material and provide support and protection.

Mastectomy bras. Mastectomy bras are designed for women who have one or both breasts removed. These bras have cups that hold breast prostheses to provide a more natural look to the breasts.

In buying a bra, consider its style as well as its functionality. Think about how the bra appears under your clothes. Test the bra to see whether it provides the support your breasts need. Most importantly, choose the right size of bra for maximum comfort.

source:http://www.mozdoc.com/html/201102/14/What-are-the-Different-Types-of-Bras-_86392.html

Labor starts with the contraction of the uterus and its intensity can vary to a much extent. It is like pain in your muscles which is caused after doing strong exercises. Also, these labor pains push your baby to the birth canal. When the mouth of the uterus or the cervix is fully opened you give birth to your baby.

For all these events to occur, the body is being prepared during the whole time of pregnancy. Labor pain varies from women to women. No two can experience the same. Sometimes the process in your body is so slow that labor stretches for long and you fell much pain. When you start up with labor, do not stop eating and drinking.

Change your position frequently. Any position can give you some relief. Do not let your bladder be full of urine. This condition causes more labor pain. Putting a warm bottle or cloth on your lower abdomen would help a lot. Otherwise if the pain is getting severe go for hot water bath. Warmness would ease the pain.

Start breathing exercise, this would not slower the pain but would divert your mind. Some women like to get a back massage during labor. Have a glass of milk or warm water with powdered cinnamon.

One can induce labor by simple home remedies. A simple way is to have sex. During sexual intercourse a hormone named oxytocin is released which enhances uterine contraction. Stimulating your nipples is also helpful in the same way as sexual intercourse. Massage is also helpful. There are certain points in acupressure system which when pressed by finger and thumb would help to induce labor.

There are plenty of affordable labor tools that can help get rid of much of the pain and discomfort linked to child birth.

Cold Pack – Helping against back pain

One of the most affordable ways of alleviating the intense labor induced back pain is a Cold Pack. These are easily available in pharmacies or can also be made at home. All you need to do is fill a plastic bag or even a glove with use. Make sure that you use something that can be zipped shut to prevent the ice from falling out.

You then need to place this glove or plastic in a sheet or a pillow cover. Application of such a cold pack on your back will not only help reduce the pain but also reduce the body heat, helping you cool down.

The Birth Ball – Relieves Pressure on Your Bottom

During labor, you feel a tremendous pressure on the bottom. An easy and inexpensive way of relieving this kind of pressure is by using a birth ball. This not only reduces pressure but also engages your muscles.

Keep looking for deals on such balls on various online shops. Such physiotherapy balls can also be available at a discounted price at your neighborhood store, stocking exercise equipment.

Rice Stock – For aching muscles

Don’t be surprised. It’s exactly what it sounds like. It’s a sock that is filled up with plain rice that can be heated in your microwave. It acts like a heat pad that can alleviate the pain on your arms and legs by providing a calm heating effect.

It can also provide pain relief to the pubic bone, if the baby has come down to your pelvis. A rice sock that only needs to be heated is easily available at your neighborhood pharmacy but you can save money by simply making one at your home. It is very easy and doesn’t require a whole lot of effort.

Using massage tools

No need to go for the expensive fancy massage devices, You can go for the simple massage tools that are cheap but offer the same kind of benefits. Look for tools that are specially designed to target particular areas of your body such as the back, abdomen or even the head.

People have used warmth to relax tense muscles for a long time and it can also be used to provide relief from labour pain (MIDIRS 2008a).

Warm your back, tummy, or groin using a wheat bag or a hot water bottle. A wheat bag is a cloth bag filled with wheat husks which you heat up for a few minutes in the microwave; – they drape and shape themselves to you and will stay warm for an hour or more. You can buy them online or in pharmacies, and some hospitals sell them at antenatal clinics.

If you’re going to use a hot-water bottle, fill it with hot (but not boiling) water, and carefully wrap it in a towel or soft cover before using it.

Don’t forget that massage provides warmth as well. Having someone rub your back will warm your skin as well as stimulating your body to release natural pain-killing substances. Using a birthing pool is another way to envelope yourself in all-encompassing warmth (Maude and Foureur 2007) – see below.

When your baby’s head is being born, a soft warm flannel or compress placed over your perineum (the tissue between the back of the vagina and the back passage) may make you feel more comfortable as the tissue stretches, although it won’t necessarily prevent any tears to the area (NCCWCH 2007).
Breathing
Focusing on your breathing is a wonderful way of getting through each contraction (NCCWCH 2007). Take a deep breath at the beginning of the contraction and, as you breathe out, re-lax. Then breathe in through your nose and breathe out through your mouth, keeping your mouth and cheeks very soft.

Don’t worry too much about how deeply you’re breathing, just keep a good rhythm going. Breathe in through your nose, and out through a soft mouth. And again. And again. Concentrate as hard as you can on your breathing as the contraction builds up, and as it fades away. When the contraction’s over, re-lax.

Resting
In early labour, the best thing you can do to prepare yourself to cope with pain is to conserve your energy by resting. Make yourself as comfortable as possible in bed or on a chair. Tuck pillows all around yourself. Have a hot, sweet drink. Play some favourite music or put the TV on, and rest!

Later on, you’ll find it much easier to cope with painful contractions if you’re not exhausted because you were rushing around in early labour.

Changing position
Unless you are really tired, try to avoid lying down on your back once your contractions are regular and painful. Your labour will be slower if you lie down and, the longer your labour lasts, the more tired you’ll become. Try to remain upright (MIDIRS 2008b), but choose whatever position feels most comfortable. Your midwife should encourage and help you (NCCWCH 2007). You could:

• Stand up and lean on the bed or your partner.
• Kneel down and lean on the seat of a chair.
• Kneel with one leg raised to make lots of room in your pelvis for your baby to come out.
• Get on all fours to help ease backache.
• Sit for a while in a chair, then get up and walk around.
• Rock your hips as much as you can to get your baby movin

Massage

Massage can help you cope with labour pain and can also help to relieve anxiety (NCCWCH 2008:95). Tell your birth partner or midwife where you’d like to be massaged. You might like massage at the very base of your back during contractions. Or you might like your shoulders massaged in between contractions to help you relax. Give feedback when you can, so that you get the best out of it.

A massage that starts slowly is best – frantic rubbing will make you feel panicky rather than relaxed! Firm pressure will help to stimulate your body to release endorphins, the “feel-good” hormones which make massage such a positive experience.
Being supported
A woman who has someone supportive with her during labour, to comfort and stay with her, gives birth more quickly and easily than if she doesn’t have continuous support (NCCWCH 2007:73-4). The evidence is strongest for having another woman with you, such as a close friend relative or doula (Hodnettet al 2007; McGrath and Kennell 2008). Surprisingly, there hasn’t been much research on how much having your partner with you helps (NCCWCH 2007:73).

Think carefully about who you want to have with you during your labour and birth. You’ll need someone who won’t panic, who believes you can do it, and who is confident to talk to health professionals on your behalf. Your chosen birth partner may be your partner or husband, or it may be your sister or your mum or a good friend. Or you might like to choose two birth partners. It’s up to you.

Be aware, though, that some hospitals are reluctant to let you have two birth partners in the delivery room at the same time, because of lack of space. They may, however, agree to have one birth partner in the room at a time. Discuss this with your midwife and ask for your requests to be put in your notes well before your due date.

Using water
Labouring in water can make contractions more bearable, just as having a bath helps to ease tummy ache or backache. A review found that using a birthing pool significantly reduced the amount of pain relieving drugs in labour that women used and the amount of pain that they reported feeling (Cluett et al 2002). Women who spent some time labouring in water were far less likely to need an epidural or spinal than women who spent all their labour on dry land. Midwifery skills
lthough labor is a painful experience, some women still decide to forgo the medications available to help relieve the pain. If you plan to give birth naturally, there are steps you can take to help you deal with the pain during the labor process.

Learn hypnosis. Hypnosis allows the woman in labor to relax and imagine herself in a serene environment. Remain relaxed and find relief from the labor pains.

Use water during labor. Giving birth in water is one way that women find relief from labor pains. Many hospitals now provide birthing tubs for a laboring woman to soak in.

Put warm compresses on your body. A natural labor pain reliever is to place warm compresses on your back and neck to alleviate discomfort.

Change positions often. Since you are not hooked up to an IV delivering pain medications, you can move around more freely. Walking or kneeling on your hands and knees are two positions that you can try to relieve labor pains.

Get a massage. Your partner or a doula can massage you to help relax you and relieve any back labor pain.

Invest in a birthing ball. Birthing balls help you achieve relaxing positions during labor. Practice using the ball with your partner prior to labor.

When you are ready to give birth, the labor pains can be quite excruciating. However, before you ask for an epidural, know that you can have a natural birth that doesn’t use medication or a whole lot of intervention.

If you feel that you want a birth plan that relieves labor pains naturally, there are many things you can do. Be sure to discuss with your doctor the approach you want to take so you can all work together to have an ideal delivery.

Here’s how to relieve labor pains naturally.

• Make the commitment to avoid medication. You need to make a decision that you will try to approach your delivery without the use of medication. When you make the commitment, you set your body up to accept the pain and you will establish the belief in yourself that you can get through the labor and delivery without medication. However, when the pain becomes unbearable, don’t be afraid to ask for help.
• Try Lamaze. Lamaze is a breathing technique that many women all over the world employ to help get through labor pains. You can join a Lamaze class in the last trimester of your pregnancy to help you prepare for it. You will be taught the proper way to breathe during contractions. Go online or ask your doctor for a referral so you can find a Lamaze birth class in your area.
• Visualize. Don’t disassociate from the pain when you are having contractions. Instead, think about a clear white light in your body that passes through to help push the baby out of your body. Think about how strong and resilient your body is and how it is capable of handling this miraculous birth.
• Massage the back. Get your doula or spouse to massage your lower back. You can use a tennis ball to press on the body using the thumbs. Use soft strokes and avoid pressing too hard. You can learn massage techniques from the doctor or from your birth class instructor.
• Use a warm compress. Bring an instant hot pack with you to the hospital so you can place it on your lower back whenever you feel a muscle spasm or contraction.
• Do a water birth. When you’re at home, fill your bathtub with warm water and sit in it. The water is very soothing, especially when you are having contractions. If you want to do a water birth, talk to your doctor so you can request for a birthing tub in the labor and delivery room.
• Talk to your doctor about homeopathic medicine. There is a homeopathic version of an epidural. Talk to a homeopath practitioner about this if you want to use one during your delivery.

Work with a doula or your spouse and discuss your birth plan with your doctor. However, avoid controlling every aspect of your delivery, since your focus should be on delivering a healthy baby. If you do end up using some form of pain relief such as an epidural, don’t be disappointed in yourself. The important things is that you and your baby are in the best of health.

Recognize Menopause Symptoms
1Educate yourself on how your body is changing and the effects you’ll notice at the U.S. Health & Human Services Web site (see Resources below). Not all women experience menopause symptoms, and different women experience different symptoms to different degrees. Keep track of your recurring issues so that you’ll know what symptoms to relieve with naturopathy.

2Acknowledge and learn about the secondary effects of menopause, such as osteoporosis, increased heart-disease risk and memory loss, that can be mitigated or prevented through treatment.

3Consult your doctor or a naturopathic practitioner to assess your well-being and determine which factors of your health can be attributed to menopause, rather than another condition. Discuss treatment options.

Treat Menopause Symptoms Naturally
1Use moderately priced herbal medicines, such as soy or red clover products, to counter hormonal changes. See a doctor of naturopathy for advice and dosages.

2Change your diet to relieve some symptoms. Learn more about optimum nutrition for menopausal women from books such as “Eat Well for a Healthy Menopause: The Low-Fat, High Nutrition Guide” (see Resources below).

3Make lifestyle choices to keep cholesterol in control and your fitness level high. Cut fat in your diet and make time for regular aerobic exercise. Walking is a great way to start.

4Reduce physical and mental stress through massage, acupuncture, chiropractic or hydrotherapy. Ask a friend or an alternative health care center for a referral.

5Find out more about naturopathy from the Web site of the Association of Naturopathic Physicians (see Resources below).

Menopause can bring about many changes in a woman’s body, mood and attitude. Having menopause is a sign of middle age. Women who go through menopause complain of headache, hot flashes, mood swings, dryness of the vagina, sweating during the night and cramps. These symptoms show themselves when the body no longer produces estrogen, the female hormone. It is important to understand that every woman goes through menopause. It is a normal phase of womanhood, which happens between the late forties to late fifties. Naturopathic medicine is a discipline that constitutes lifestyles changes, diets and herbs to let the body heal itself. Although there are medications for menopausal symptoms like Hormone Replacement Therapy, but HRT has been linked to a host of illnesses like stroke, breast cancer and blood clots. Therefore, naturopathy is the safest way to go. Read on to learn of some naturopathic remedies for menopausal symptoms.

• Eat foods rich in soy. Soy has a substance called isoflavones, which has a high number of phytoestrogen, which is much like the estrogen hormones that women produce. Phytoestrogen is to plants as estrogen is to females. Eat more soy products when you see the signs and symptoms of menopause. They will relieve your symptoms like hot flashes very quickly.
• Black cohosh. It is an herb widely used to treat other illnesses such as kidney disease. Black cohosh is most effective in alleviating hot flashes, mood swing and night sweats. This type of herb is usually used for only six months. There are no known side effects when using black cohosh for menopausal symptoms.
• Exercise and yoga. Exercise and yoga or meditation in women who are experiencing menopause can greatly affect and change the feeling and symptoms that come with menopause. Exercising can keep you healthy, get rid of the tension in your muscles and greatly improves your heart health. Doing yoga can alleviate depression and stress and frees your mind of the negativities around you.
• Initiate changes in lifestyle. Changing the way you live may just be the solution in relieving the symptoms of menopause. Eat a more balanced diet, with foods rich in soy to relieve symptoms, calcium to make your bones stronger and other kinds that will contribute to the wellness of your body. Include exercise in your daily routine.
• Acupuncture. This traditional Chinese medicine is a helpful way to relieve symptoms of menopause. There are strategic pressure points that are solely for the relief of symptoms. Acupuncture uses fine needles inserted superficially in the skin. Go to an acupuncture clinic and state the purpose why you are there. Mention that you are going through menopause and they will know just where to insert needles for this condition.

There is no cure to menopause. There are only ways to relieve the symptoms and the above naturopathic remedies are just some remedies that can alleviate the symptoms of menopause. When you are in an age where menopause is imminent, prepare yourself for what is to come. You cannot hold it back, instead embrace it, and welcome a new phase in your life

Almost everyone is familiar with Starbucks, a famous coffee chain scattered across the globe catering to both coffee and tea lovers. Starbucks started its brewing business in 1971 in Seattle, Washington. Today, Starbucks serve coffee to more than fifty countries.

To reward loyal Starbucks clients, Starbucks offers the Gold Card program. Starbucks Gold Card offers freebies and discounts to members. Learn how to use and maximize your Starbucks Gold Card.

• Get your Starbucks Gold Card. During the initial launch of the loyalty program, Starbucks only offered gift cards, instead of the Gold Card. Recent changes allowed interested clients to purchase the card. If you want to get yours, you can ask your Starbucks barista or check out starbucks.com for more details. You can choose among various designs and load them with an initial amount. The minimum amount is fifteen dollars.
• Register your card. The next step is to register your card online. Simply log on to starbucks.com and you will be following very easy registration steps. You can also call the toll free number that you can see at the back of the Gold Card.
• Why register? Registration is needed so that you can start maximizing your card. By having an online account, your balance can be protected should you accidentally lose your card. You can also start earning rewards on your purchases and the balance can be checked online. If you want to use your card in purchasing, you can reload through your online account.

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• Earn your rewards. Starbucks allows Gold Card holders to access free Wi-Fi for a limited time. Check if the store your frequently visit is included in the list of stores that offer this reward. You can also ask the barista if you can access free Wi-Fi. Keep in mind that you need to check the free hours that you are entitled. Check out the discounts that are bundled with the Gold Card. The Gold Card entitles you to a ten percent discount n most of your purchases so make sure you present the card each time you order.
• Track your rewards. Now that you have used your Gold Card, it’s time for you to track and manage your account. Visit Starbucks’ website and start managing your account. You can create your own profile using your account. A personalized profile will allow Starbucks to send you newsletters and other promotional announcements.
• Keep your card safe. While the online activation secures your rewards, a lost loaded card can be used by anyone else. The person who got your card can use your card to purchase drinks. Make sure you keep your card in a safe place.  

The Starbucks Gold Card is a great reward system if you frequently visit the coffee shops. The free Wi-Fi access, although limited in terms of time and location, can be helpful if you need to immediately access the Internet. Consider the pros and cons of the Gold Card before deciding to purchase. The Gold Card can also serve as a great gift to your friends or family members. 

Instructions

Sweating is natural; however, night sweats in men can seem to be very disturbing. Imagine waking up in the middle of the night in a wet bed. This condition can really be a problem and so needs to be given attention right at hand. Though there can be different causes of night sweats in men, there are effective things that can be done to treat this problem. If you want to get rid of this, check out the following tips to treat this condition. However, take note that the tips below will help only for the condition of sweating in men that are not disease-related. 

• Dress appropriately when going to bed. The most common cause of night sweats but most commonly ignored is the hot temperature at night. If this is the main reason of your problem, the best solution is to dress in thinner clothes at night. It is also a good idea to get rid of the blanket and even turn the thermostat to a lower level than usual.
• Use antiperspirants at night, too. Are you a heavy sweater? If yes, you are surely using antiperspirants or body powders during the day for you to combat your problem. Try doing the same things before you sleep so you can get rid of this very uncomfortable sweating situation at night.
• Exercise during the day, preferably early in the morning. As much as possible, avoid exercising when the evening light hits in. If you engage your body in an exercise, your body temperature will increase for several hours. If you do this before sleeping, your body temperature can overheat while you are in bed and will cause you to sweat a lot.
• Avoid hot or spicy foods for dinner or for bedtime snack. It is a fact that hot and spicy foods can make people sweat. Hence, it is not recommended that you take this kind of foods when you are about to go to bed.
• Drink a lot of water to cool down your body temperature. Water is essential for men who experience night sweating. This is simply because water can replenish all that is lost when sweating. Also, cold water can be of help to bring down the body temperature inside and so will prevent more sweating to come.
• Keep your mind and body relaxed before bedtime. In some cases, anxiety and stress can contribute a lot to night sweats. Hence, it is best to relax prior to going to bed such as listening to music, taking a cool shower, or reading.
• Consult a professional if your night sweat is severe. There are some cases of sweating that can be associated to infection, fever, and other medical conditions. If this is your problem, consult your doctor immediately. You will be given the proper medication to improve your body function and so as to treat your night sweating problems.

Getting night sweats is not anymore a huge concern these days. This is true because of the fact that there are a lot of things you can easily do to combat this condition. More often than not, if you have mild problems, a simple change in your lifestyle can help you defeat night sweat. On the other hand, if you have more serious sweating problems, the advancement of medicine today can put an end to it right away.